On Nov. 19, 2025, researchers announced a Ōtākou Whakaihu Waka-led study has produced a detailed blueprint of a bacteriophage, furthering their potential in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria.

Lead author Dr James Hodgkinson-Bean, who completed his PhD in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, says bacteriophages are “extremely exciting” in the scientific world as researchers search for antibiotic alternatives to combat the increasing risk of antimicrobial resistance.

“Bacteriophage viruses are non-harmful to all multi-cellular life and able to very selectively target and kill a target bacterium. Due to this, they are increasingly being researched and applied in ‘phage therapy’ to treat highly drug-resistant bacteria,” he says. He describes bacteriophages as “exquisitely intricate viruses” which infect bacteria through large mechanical structures described as ‘tails’.

For the study, published in Science Advances, researchers from Otago and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology explored the structure of Bas63, a virus which targets E. coli, in molecular detail to understand how their tail works during infection.

Senior author Associate Professor Mihnea Bostina, also of Otago’s Department of Microbiology and Immunology, says, with antibiotic resistance rising and plant pathogens threatening global food security, bacteriophages offer a promising alternative. The study found features only previously found in very distantly related viruses, revealing previously unknown evolutionary links between them.

“We know through structural studies that bacteriophages are related to Herpes viruses – this relationship is thought to extend back billions of years to before the emergence of multi-cellular life. For this reason, when we look at bacteriophage structure, we are looking at living fossils, primordial ancient beings.

Significantly, this structure is the second of its kind described by the same group of researchers, following a previous study on pathogens which cause diseases in potatoes, recently published in Nature Communications.