In 1863, Francis Peyre Porcher, a Confederate surgeon (Faculty, School of Medicine of the Medical College of the State of South Carolina), published ﾓResources of the Southern Fields and Forests.ﾔ The handbook identified local plants with therapeutic qualities that could be used surgeons, planters and farmers, in place of manufactured drugs made unavailable because of the Union blockade. The handbook was of such value that a revised edition was published in 1869.